Doppler characteristics of hepatic venous hemodynamics in adult healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius)

The present study was designed to describe the Doppler measurements of hepatic venous blood flow in camels (Camelus dromedarius). A total number of 9 adult healthy camels underwent hepatic Doppler examinations on the right side between the 11th and 9th intercostal spaces. The splenic and cranial mesenteric veins showed turbulent blood flows at their fusion to form the main portal trunk. At porta hepatis, the main portal vein exhibited turbulent blood flows and the mean velocities ranged from 21 to 28 cm/sec. In contrast, the intrahepatic branches of portal veins revealed smooth laminar spectral patterns with low blood velocities ranged from 12 to 22 cm/sec. In addition, hepatic veins and caudal vena cava have laminar blood flows. In conclusion, as a non-invasive clinical tool, Doppler ultrasonography is a simple and easy applicable method for assessment of hepatic hemodynamics in camels (Camelus dromedaries). The present findings have the potential to serve as references for evaluating the health status of the liver from camels. Therefore; a further research study, including comparative evaluation of Doppler findings in camels with various hepatic diseases, may be required.