Are Further Cross Section Measurements Necessary For Space Radiation Protection Or Ion Therapy Applications? Helium Projectiles

The helium (He-4) component of the primary particles in the galactic cosmic ray spectrum makes significant contributions to the total astronaut radiation exposure. He-4 ions are also desirable for direct applications in ion therapy. They contribute smaller projectile fragmentation than carbon (C-12) ions and smaller lateral beam spreading than protons. Space radiation protection and ion therapy applications need reliable nuclear reaction models and transport codes for energetic particles in matter. Neutrons and light ions (H-1, H-2, H-3, He-3, and He-4) are the most important secondary particles produced in space radiation and ion therapy nuclear reactions; these particles penetrate deeply and make large contributions to dose equivalent. Since neutrons and light ions may scatter at large angles, double differential cross sections are required by transport codes that propagate radiation fields through radiation shielding and human tissue. This work will review the importance of He-4 projectiles to space radiation and ion therapy, and outline the present status of neutron and light ion production cross section measurements and modeling, with recommendations for future needs.