Assessments and Interventions for Spasticity in Infants With or at High Risk for Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND:The majority of children with cerebral palsy develop spasticity, which interferes with motor development, function, and participation. This systematic review appraised current evidence regarding assessments and interventions for spasticity in children aged less than two years with or at high risk for cerebral palsy and integrated findings with parent preferences. METHODS:Five databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, OVID/Medline, SCOPUS, and PsycINFO) were searched. Included articles were screened using PRISMA guidelines. Quality of the evidence was reviewed by two independent reviewers using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies, second edition (QUADAS-2), the RTI Item Bank on Risk of Bias and Precision of Observational Studies (RTI), or The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials (RoB). An online survey was conducted regarding parent preferences through social media channels. RESULTS:Twelve articles met inclusion criteria. No high-quality assessment tool emerged for this population. Six interventions (botulinum toxin-A, orthotic use, radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy, erythropoietic stimulating agents, medical cannabis, and homeopathy) were identified. There was low-quality evidence for the use of botulinum toxin-A and radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy to improve short-term outcomes. Survey respondents indicated that spasticity assessments and interventions are highly valued, with nonpharmacologic interventions ranked most preferably. CONCLUSIONS:Further research is needed to validate assessments for spasticity in children younger than two years. Conditional recommendations can be made for botulinum toxin-A and radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy based on low level of evidence to reduce spasticity in children aged less than two years.