Natural Background Radiation at Lab 2 of Callio Lab, Pyhäsalmi Mine in Finland

In operating mines, as well as in deep locations for planned scientific activities, it is essential to recognize the natural background radiation from the point of view of both occupational hazard and experimental background. Callio Lab, located in the Pyhäsalmi Mine, Finland, is one of the underground laboratories participating in the Baltic Sea Underground Innovation Network (BSUIN). The characterization of the natural background radiation was done at the Lab 2, which is the deepest located in Callio Lab. It involved in-situ gamma spectrometry, thermal neutron flux measurements, radon concentration determination, and α∕β laboratory spectrometry of water and rock samples. At a depth of 1436 m (∼4000 m w.e.) within the felsic volcanic bedrock occurs a volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit, wherein a thermal neutron flux of (1.73 ± 0.10)  × 10−5 cm−2s−1, a gamma-ray flux of 12.7 ± 1.5 cm−2s−1, a gamma-ray dose of 0.158 ± 0.029 μ Sv/h and a radon concentration of 213.3 Bq/m3 ± 11% were determined.