Evolution of Pediatric Gastrointestinal Ulcer Disease: is Acute Surgical Intervention Relevant?

BackgroundThere is a lack of contemporary data about pediatric gastrointestinal ulcer disease. We hypothesized that ulcers found in immunosuppressed children were more likely to require surgical intervention.MethodsAll children <21 years (n = 129) diagnosed with ulcers at a quaternary hospital from 1990 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical findings and pertinent information were collected.ResultsOf 129 cases, 19 (14.7%) were immunosuppressed. Eight were post-transplant; four were diagnosed with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD).  Eight were associated with cancer. Three were both.  Three of 19 immunosuppressed and 28/110 immunocompetent patients were taking acid suppression therapy. Nine immunosuppressed patients required surgical intervention, including all PTLD cases, compared to 14 immunocompetent (47.3% vs 16.4%, p < 0.01). Five patients had duodenal perforation, two had multiple small bowel perforations, and two had uncontrolled bleeding. Of 9/19 immunosuppressed patients, surgical complications included bleeding (n = 7), sepsis (n = 2), ostomy reoperation/readmissions (n = 2), and death within 30 days (n = 2). Two/eighteen immunocompetent patients had bleeding complications.ConclusionSurgical treatment for ulcers remains relevant for pediatric patients. Immunosuppressed patients have more complications, longer hospital stays, and are more likely to need surgical intervention. Efforts should be made for ulcer prophylaxis with a low threshold to investigate epigastric pain in these complex patients.Level of evidencePrognosis Study Level III Evidence