Utility of novel T-cell-specific extracellular vesicles in monitoring and evaluation of acute GVHD

We have recently reported a new method for detecting T-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), CD3 + CD4 + EVs,CD3 + CD8 + EVs, and CD3 + HLA-DR + EVs. In our previous study, CD3 + HLA-DR + EVs were released profusely by CD8 + T cells, only moderately by T helper1 (Th1) CD4 + T cells, and very little from Th2 CD4 + T cells in vitro. EVs were measured sequentially in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and their relationship to GVHD was investigated in comparison with other conventional biomarkers. We analyzed peripheral blood samples from 20 patients (13 children and 7 adults) who underwent HSCT at Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital. CD3 + CD4 + EV and CD3 + CD8 + EV levels specifically correlated with the CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocyte counts, respectively. CD3 + CD8 + EVs and CD3 + HLA-DR + EVs increased in GVHD and reflected the persistence of GVHD more specifically than soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R). In engraftment syndrome, sIL-2R was markedly elevated, but CD3 + HLA-DR + EVs were not. Furthermore, ferritin and sIL-2R markedly increased in hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) that developed before engraftment; however, the change in CD3 + HLA-DR + EVs was marginal. CD3 + CD4 + , CD3 + CD8 + , and CD3 + HLA-DR + EVs efficiently reflect the cell-mediated immune response, and CD3 + CD8 + EVs and CD3 + HLA-DR + EVs are more useful than other conventional biomarkers, such as sIL-2R, for monitoring and evaluation of acute GVHD.