Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Hf10 (Canerpaturev) Promotes Accumulation Of Cd8(+)Pd-1(-) Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells In Pd-L1-Enriched Tumor Microenvironment

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) remodel the tumor microenvironment by switching a "cold" tumor into a "hot" tumor with high CD8(+) T-cell infiltration. CD8(+) T-cell activity plays an essential role in the antitumor efficacy of OVs. However, the activity of T cells is impaired by the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) interaction. To date, it remains unclear why OVs alone have a significant antitumor activity even when PD-L1 expression persists on tumor or immune cells. In this study, we found that canerpaturev (C-REV) treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth, even though it induced a significant increase in PD-L1 expression in tumors in vivo as well as persistence of high PD-L1 expression on antigen-presenting cells (macrophage and dendritic cells [DCs]). Surprisingly, we observed that C-REV treatment increased the abundance of activated CD8(+)PD-1(-) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor on both the injected and contralateral sides, although infiltration of CD8(+)PD-1(high) TILs into the tumor was observed in the control group. Moreover, the difference in PD-1 expression was observed only in tumors after treatment with C-REV, whereas most CD8(+) T cells in the spleen, tumor-draining lymph nodes and blood were PD-1-negative, and this did not change after C-REV treatment. In addition, changes in expression of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 and T-cell immune-receptor with Ig and ITIM domains were not observed on CD8(+) TILs after C-REV treatment. Taken together, our findings may reveal mechanisms that allow OVs to trigger an antitumor immune response, irrespective of a PD-L1-enriched tumor microenvironment, by recruitment of CD8(+)PD-1(-) TILs.