Numerical models of two-dimensional buckling and bending mechanisms and implications for oroclines

•Direct mechanical comparison of orocline buckling and bending is lacking.•Buckling is reliant on unit rheology while bending is not.•Stress distribution is a primary factor in separating buckling from bending.•Geometric ratios can provide limited information on deformation style.•Model stress and geometry values are similar to three real-world oroclines.