Next generation sequencing for HLA loci in full heritage Pima Indians of Arizona, Part II: HLA-A, -B, and -C with selected non-classical loci at 4-field resolution from whole genome sequences

While the samples and data from the Pima Indians of the Gila River Indian Community have been included in many international HLA workshops and conferences and have been the focus of numerous population reports and the source of novel alleles at the classical HLA loci, they have not been studied for the non-classical loci. In order to expand our HLA-disease association studies, we typed over 300 whole genome sequences from full Pima heritage members, controlled for first degree relationship, and employed recently developed computer algorithms to resolve HLA alleles. Both classical-HLA-A, B, and -C- and non-classical- HLA-E,-F,-G,-J,-L,-W,-Y,-DPA2,-DPB2,-DMA,-DMB,-DOA,-DRB2, DRB9, TAP1- loci were typed at the 4-field level of resolution. We present allele and selected haplotype frequencies, test the genotype distributions for population structure, discuss the issues that are created for tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium over the four sample spaces of high resolution HLA typing, and address the implications for the evolution of non-classical pseudogenes that are no longer expressed in a phenotype subject to natural selection. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).