Gender differences in self-efficacy, acceptance, and satisfaction in business simulations

We adopted strategic management simulations in our senior-level courses to allow students access to top management decision-making experiences that would otherwise be difficult to attain. Student feedback indicated that women were less likely than men to see a simulation as easy to use or a fair representation of their abilities. Women expressed lower confidence than their male counterparts in their likely performance prior to engaging in competitive simulation play. Various scaffolding interventions intended to improve self-efficacy prior to competitive play were unsuccessful. Implications for preparing and encouraging women for top management positions and decision-making are considered. We recommend refinements to new and existing educational simulations to make them more accessible and appealing to women as well as to expand their leadership style beyond a largely masculine approach.