Electroanatomic voltage mapping and characterisation imaging for “right ventricle arrhythmic syndrome s ” beyond the arrhythmia definition: a comprehensive review

Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction by means of electroanatomic mapping (EAM) systems, allows for the understanding of the mechanism of focal or re-entrant arrhythmic circuits along with pacing techniques. However, besides this conventional use, EAM may offer helpful anatomical and functional information. Data regarding electromechanical scar detection in ischaemic (and nonischaemic) cardiomyopathy are mostly consolidated, while emerging results are becoming available in contexts such as arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVC/D) definition and Brugada syndrome. As part of an invasive procedure, EAM has not yet been widely adopted as a stand-alone tool in the diagnostic path. We aim to review the current literature regarding the use of 3D EAM systems for right ventricle (RV) functional characterisation beyond the definition of arrhythmia.