Measurement of the Antipsychotic Clozapine Using Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites‐Au/Pd/Pt Electrodes

Enhanced methods of drug monitoring are required to support the individualization of therapeutic drug dosing. Clozapine is one of the most important medications for managing schizophrenia, and timely measurement of serum clozapine levels has been identified as a barrier to the broader use of clozapine. For the first time, reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites were used to construct an electrochemical clozapine (Clz) sensor. The Reduced graphene oxide (Rego) nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques. The Clz sensing electrode was fabricated by drop coating of Rego nanocomposites suspension and Nafion solution on the pencil graphite electrode, respectively. The electrochemical behavior and influence of various physicochemical parameters of sensing electrodes were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The designed sensor displayed decent linear range, detection limit, reproducibility, and reusability results. Under optimum experimental parameters a linear dynamic range of 0.05-10 mu M clozapine was observed with actual detection limit of 50 nM. Furthermore, the designed sensing electrode was used to measure the amount of Clz in real samples.