Contrasting Observed Atmospheric Responses To Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Warming Patterns

Equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is a theoretical concept which describes the change in global mean surface temperature that results from a sustained doubling of atmospheric CO2. Current ECS estimates range from similar to 1.8 to 5.6 K, reflecting uncertainties in climate feedbacks. The sensitivity of the lower (1,000-700 hPa) and upper (500-200 hPa) troposphere to changes in spatial patterns of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) have been proposed by recent model studies as key feedbacks controlling climate sensitivity. We examine empirical evidence for these proposed mechanisms using 14 years of satellite data. We examine the response of temperature and humidity profiles, clouds, and top-of-the-atmosphere radiation to relative warming in tropical ocean regions when there is either strong convection or subsidence. We find warmer SSTs in regions of strong subsidence are coincident with a decrease in lower tropospheric stability (-0.9 0.4 KK-1) and low cloud cover (similar to-6% K-1). This leads to a warming associated with the weakening in the shortwave cooling effect of clouds (4.2 1.9 Wm(-2)K(-1)), broadly consistent with model calculations. In contrast, warmer SSTs in regions of strong convection are coincident with an increase in upper tropospheric humidity (3.2 1.5% K-1). In this scenario, the dominant effect is the enhancement of the warming longwave cloud radiative effect (3.8 3.0 Wm(-2)K(-1)) from an increase in high cloud cover (similar to 7% K-1), though changes in the net (longwave and shortwave) effect are not statistically significant (p < 0.003). Our observational evidence supports the existence of mechanisms linking contrasting atmospheric responses to patterns in SST, mechanisms which have been linked to climate sensitivity.Plain Language Summary Estimates of how sensitive the Earth's climate is to changes in CO2 vary between climate models. These models are necessary to explore climate projections, but we need to demonstrate that they can accurately describe the real climate system. Recent model studies hypothesize that the location of surface ocean warming may be key to understanding the atmospheric component of climate sensitivity. We examine observational evidence of the extent to which local tropical ocean warming is able to propagate upwards through the atmosphere. We show that the atmospheric response and associated feedbacks are different in contrasting regions. Future patterns in ocean warming may play a key role in determining future climate.