Substrate Tunnel Engineering Aided by X-ray Crystallography and Functional Dynamics Swaps the Function of MIO-Enzymes

The enzyme family harboring the post-translationally formed 5-methylene-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-one (MIO) catalytic residue comprises both aromatic amino acid ammonia-lyases (ALs) and 2,3-aminomutases (AMs). The structural origin of the different functions and the role of the inner loop region in substrate binding are not fully understood. Here, we provide the three-dimensional structures for Petroselinum crispum phenylalanine AL (PcPAL) with fully resolved inner loops in a catalytically competent conformation. Using molecular modeling, we demonstrate that in both ALs and AMs of eukaryotic origin, just a small opening of the inner loop is sufficient for ligand egress. Furthermore, we show that ligand-binding tunnels are analogous to eukaryotic MIO-enzymes and that the critical initial part of these tunnels is present across the whole enzyme family. Engineering of these binding tunnels converts an (R)-AM to a highly selective (S)-beta-AL thus establishing a nonclassified enzyme function.