Mechanisms driving MJO teleconnection changes with warming

Teleconnections from the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) are a key source of predictability of weather on the extended time scale of about 10-40 days. The MJO teleconnection is sensitive to a number of factors, including the mean state dry static stability, the mean flow, and the propagation and intensity characteristics of the MJOitself, which are traditionally difficult to separate across models. Each of these factors may evolve in response to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, which will impact MJO teleconnections and potentially impact potential predictability on extended time scales. Current state-of-the5 art climate models do not agree on how MJO teleconnections ::: over ::::: much ::: of ::::: North :::::::: America will change in a future climate. Here, we use results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) historical and SSP585 experiments in concert with a linear baroclinic model :::::: (LBM) to separate and investigate alternate mechanisms explaining why and how ::::: boreal :::::: winter :::::::: (January) MJO teleconnections over the North Pacific and North America will :::: may change in a future climate, and to identify key sources of inter-model uncertainty. We find that decreases to the MJO a :::::::::: weakening teleconnection due 10 to increases in tropical dry static stability alone are robust ::::: across ::::::: CMIP6 :::::: models, and that uncertainty in mean state winds are a key driver of uncertainty in future MJO teleconnections. We find no systematic relationship between changes in Rossby wave excitation and the MJO teleconnection. However, we find that models that predict increases (decreases) in the stationary Rossby wave number over the gulf of Alaska also predict stronger (weaker) teleconnections over North America. Uncertainty in future changes to the MJO’s intensity, eastward propagation speed, :::: zonal ::::::::::: wavenumber, : and eastward propagation extent are 15 other important sources of uncertainty in future MJO teleconnections, although to a lesser degree than uncertainty in the mean state. The overall outlook is : . ::: We :::: find :: no ::::::::: systematic :::::::::: relationship :::::::: between ::::: future ::::::: changes :: in ::: the ::::::: Rossby :::: wave :::::: source :::: and ::: the :::: MJO ::::::::::::: teleconnection, :: or ::::::: between ::::::: changes ::: to ::: the ::::: zonal :::: wind ::: or :::::::: stationary ::::::: Rossby :::: wave ::::::: number :::: and ::: the :::: MJO ::::::::::::: teleconnection ::: over :::: the ::::: North :::::: Pacific :::: and ::::: North :::::::: America. ::::: LBM :::::::::: simulations ::::::: suggest : a reduction of the boreal winter MJO teleconnection across the vast majority of CMIP6 models, especially over the North Pacific, but with some nuance ::: and :: an :::::::: uncertain ::::::: change 20 over North Americadue to larger sensitivity to expansion of the MJO’s eastward extent, ::::: with :::: large :::::: spread :::: over :::: both ::::::: regions ::: that ::::: lends :: to :::: weak :::::::::: confidence :: in ::: the :::::: overall :::::: outlook. Copyright statement. TEXT