Nickel (ii) effects on Anammox reaction: reactor performance, dehydrogenase, sludge morphology and microbial community changes.

Nickel (ii) (Ni) is considered as one of the necessary trace elements in the process of Anammox culture, but it may have toxic effects at high concentration. This study explored the long-term influence of Ni on the denitrification efficiency of Anammox bioreactors. The results showed that when the concentration of Ni was 0.5 mg/L, the bioreactor had the highest denitrification efficiency, while the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen gradually decreased at concentrations higher than 2 mg/L, and the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen were 26% and 39.81% at the end of the experiment, respectively. The NRR was decreased from 7.47 kg N/m d to 3.28 kg N/m d during the whole process. The highest concentration of microbial dehydrogenase was attained in about 40 days; in the meantime, its ability to consume organic matter was also maximized. The sludge morphology was changed from granular cluster to loose flocculant with a small number of spherical and filamentous bacteria and bacilli distributed on the surface. At the end of the experiment, both species richness and community diversity were reduced, and the proportion of the dominant bacteria Kuenenia was also decreased from 59.89% to 36.72%.