Multiple Hydrothermal Iron-Formation Upgrading Events in Southeastern Sao Francisco Craton

Large-scale, hypogene iron mineralization systems developed recurrently in the Sao Francisco craton in association with two orogenies. During the ca. 2.1-2.0 Ga Trans-Amazonian orogeny, low-temperature and low-to-moderate-salinity metamorphic fluids resulted in carbonatization-related iron enrichment of the early Paleoproterozoic Caue Iron Formation (IF) of the Minas Supergroup (MSG) as well as short-distance iron mobilization. Monazite from the iron-oxide veins yielded a SHRIMP Th-232/Pb-208 date corresponding to fluid circulation coeval with the migmatization of the Archean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite crust. During the Ediacaran to Cambrian Brasiliano orogeny, when the Sao Francisco craton was consolidated in its present configuration, hydrothermal fluids repeatedly mineralized the Caue IF and the younger IFs of the lower Espinhaco Supergroup. Far-field hydrothermal alteration associated with distinct Fe mineralization episodes widely affected Meso- to Neoproterozoic sequences as well as Archean to Paleoproterozoic terranes of the cratonic core. Circulation of hydrothermal fluids during the Brasiliano orogeny caused desilicification, iron mobilization, and widespread alteration of the rocks. The alteration events are dated with monazite and xenotime intergrown with hematite, anatase, and recrystallized rims of detrital zircons from interlayered quartzites and of igneous zircons from pegmatites, granites, acidic volcanic rocks, and orthogneisses, yielding U-Pb dates between 542 and 493 Ma. U-Pb dates point to five Cambrian hydrothermal events from the waning stages to the aftermath of the Brasiliano orogeny. These hydrothermal fluid circulation events correspond to the emplacement ages of four granite suites and pegmatites that lasted from the final stages of the collision to the collapse of the Aracuai-West Congo orogen. Episodic circulation of fluids continued for approximately 2 billion years after IF deposition on the eastern Sao Francisco craton with the formation of high-grade iron ore deposits and resetting of the IF trace-element inventory.