Early Detection of Myeloma

Myeloma is a rare, life-limiting blood cancer arising from plasma cells. Early diagnosis is imperative to improve clinical outcomes for patients, by both improving overall survival and reducing the morbidity associated with myeloma-related end-organ damage. This can be challenging in primary care, as myeloma can be difficult to diagnose. It may present in a number of non-specific ways that overlap with a multitude of other conditions. Tests that indicate myeloma are readily available in primary care. This article will describe the pathology of myeloma, the range and timing of diagnostic tests, guide interpretation of results, and outline the diagnostic subcategories of plasma cell disorders. Two cases looking at different aspects and complications of myeloma diagnosis are discussed with the aim of raising awareness and potential pitfalls in diagnosis. Useful resources to aid clinicians are signposted.