Application of 3D Bioprinters for Dental Pulp Regeneration and Tissue Engineering (Porous architecture)

One of the well-known ways to produce porous scaffolds or special three-dimensional (3D) micro-nanostructures is using the 3D printing technique. This technique requires a suitable computerized model of the scaffold using computer-aided design software or the computed tomography. The 3D printer fabricates a product by using a digital file and creates a layer-by-layer physical sample. Integrating different technologies and materials into one operational procedure can produce 3D tissue engineering scaffolds with enhanced properties. There are different tissue engineering strategies, including cell-based, factor-based, and scaffold-based strategies. In scaffold-based tissue engineering, 3D scaffolds are one of the most important applications of 3D printers, especially in medical science. In this article, a review of 3D printers, suitable for the production of soft and hard tissue engineering with different technologies is performed and several 3D printing techniques are described. Moreover, the pros and cons, and limitations of the 3D printing technique are discussed.