Photoacoustic lymphangiography exhibits advantages over near-infrared fluorescence lymphangiography as a diagnostic tool in patients with lymphedema

NIRF plays an important role in lymphedema treatment. In the present study, various PAL patterns were compared with those observed using NIRF. PAL provided clearer images including transectional views, which were not available using NIRF, and may promote further understanding of the changes in the lymphatic structure and function in patients with secondary lymphedema.