Angioplasty Induced Changes in Dialysis Vascular Access Compliance

Dialysis vascular access remains vitally important to maintain life and functional capacity with end stage renal disease. Angioplasty is an integral part of maintaining dialysis access function and patency. To understand the effect of angioplasty balloon dilation on vascular wall mechanics, we conducted a clinical study to evaluate the elastic modulus of the anastomosis in five subjects with anastomosis stenoses, before and after six angioplasty procedures, using B-mode ultrasound DICOM data. A novel and open source vascular ultrasound high-resolution speckle tracking software tool was used. The median lumen diameter increased from 3.4 to 5.5 mm after angioplasty. Meanwhile, the median elastic modulus of the 18 measurements at the anastomosis increased by 52.2%, from 2.24 × 10 3 to 3.41 × 10 3 mmHg. The results support our hypothesis that the structural changes induced in the vessel wall by balloon dilation lead to reduced vascular compliance and a higher elastic modulus of the vessel wall.