Impact of water-sediment regulation on the concentration and transport of dissolved heavy metals in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Anthropogenic activities in river basins, especially large-scale water conservancy projects, have notably impacted the physical, chemical and ecological environments of estuaries and coastal areas. In this paper, the effects of water and sediment regulation (WSR) on the concentration and transport of heavy metals in the Yellow River were studied based on a continuous daily heavy metal survey in both the middle reaches (Xiaolangdi station) and lower reaches (Lijin station) of the Yellow River during the WSR period in 2019. The results indicated that the variation in the water oxidation-reduction environment of the Xiaolangdi reservoir during the WSR process exerted an important impact on the concentrations of dissolved Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr and As at the Xiaolangdi station but exerted almost no influence on the concentration of dissolved Ni. At Lijin station, the dissolved heavy metal content first increased and then decreased in the first stage, which mainly depended on the release of heavy metals from resuspended sediments. In the second stage, the heavy metal content gradually decreased due to adsorption onto fine particles discharged from the reservoir. The dissolved heavy metal flux during the water-sediment regulation scheme (WSRS) period accounted for 16.9-33.4% of the annual total dissolved heavy metal flux. WSRS changed transport of water and sediment. The dissolved heavy metal concentrations at the Xiaolangdi station were mainly controlled by the discharge of water and sediments from the Xiaolangdi reservoir, while the dissolved heavy metal concentration at the Lijin station was largely affected by the sediments resuspended from downstream riverbeds and the water and sediment scheduling mode of the Xiaolangdi reservoir. Dissolved heavy metal transportation was highly influenced by the WSR process within a short time. Human intervention, especially WSRS operation, apparently alters the natural states of both the mainstream and estuarine environments of the Yellow River.