Improvement of water resistance by Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 photoelectrocatalysts for formaldehyde removal: experimental and theoretical investigation

TiO 2 -based photocatalysts are a potential technology for removing indoor formaldehyde (CHOH) owing to their strong photooxidation ability. However, their photooxidation performance is generally weakened when suffering from the competitive adsorption of H 2 O. In a method inspired by the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to generate intermediates with hydroxyl radicals on the anode electrode catalysts, an electric field was employed in this research and applied to the photooxidation of CHOH to prevent the competitive adsorption of H 2 O. Additionally, 0.5–5% Fe 2 O 3 decorated TiO 2 was employed to improve the photoelectrocatalytic activity. The influence of an electric field on hydroxyl-radical production was investigated by both density functional theory (DFT) with direct-imposed dipole momentum and photoelectrocatalytic experimental tests. The surface characterization of the photocatalysts, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), was conducted. DFT results show that a positive electric field with a strength of 0.05 Å/V was more favorable to produce hydroxyl on Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 (010) than was a negative electric field. Fe 2 O 3 decoration can significantly boost hydroxyl formation, resulting from a decrease in the binding energy between the Fe of Fe 2 O 3 and the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of H 2 O. The dissociated hydrogen atom of the H 2 O preferentially remained on the catalysts’ surface rather than being released into the gas flow. The experimental results demonstrated that applying 150 V could not directly enhance the photooxidation of CHOH by either TiO 2 or Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 but that it could relieve the H 2 O inhibitory effect by more than 10% on the Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 .