Centrality determination in heavy-ion collisions with the LHCb detector
LHCb collaboration,R. Aaij,C. Abellán Beteta,T. Ackernley,B. Adeva,M. Adinolfi,H. Afsharnia,C. A. Aidala,S. Aiola, Z. Ajaltouni,S. Akar, J. Albrecht, F. Alessio, M. Alexander,A. Alfonso Albero, Z. Aliouche,G. Alkhazov,P. Alvarez Cartelle,S. Amato,Y. Amhis, L. An, L. Anderlini, A. Andreianov, M. Andreotti,F. Archilli,A. Artamonov,M. Artuso, K. Arzymatov, E. Aslanides,M. Atzeni, B. Audurier,S. Bachmann,M. Bachmayer, J. J. Back,P. Baladron Rodriguez,V. Balagura,W. Baldini,J. Baptista Leite,R. J. Barlow, S. Barsuk,W. Barter,M. Bartolini,F. Baryshnikov, J. M. Basels, G. Bassi, B. Batsukh, A. Battig, A. Bay,M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I. Bediaga, A. Beiter,V. Belavin,S. Belin, V. Bellee, K. Belous, I. Belov, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim,A. Berezhnoy, R. Bernet, D. Berninghoff, H. C. Bernstein, C. Bertella, A. Bertolin, C. Betancourt, F. Betti,Ia. Bezshyiko,S. Bhasin, J. Bhom,L. Bian,M. S. Bieker,S. Bifani, P. Billoir, M. Birch, F. C. R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti,M. Bjørn,M. P. Blago,T. Blake,F. Blanc,S. Blusk, D. Bobulska, J. A. Boelhauve,O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Boldyrev,A. Bondar, N. Bondar,S. Borghi,M. Borisyak,M. Borsato,J. T. Borsuk, S. A. Bouchiba,T. J. V. Bowcock,A. Boyer,C. Bozzi,M. J. Bradley,S. Braun,A. Brea Rodriguez, M. Brodski, J. Brodzicka,A. Brossa Gonzalo,D. Brundu, A. Buonaura,C. Burr, A. Bursche,A. Butkevich,J. S. Butter, J. Buytaert,W. Byczynski,S. Cadeddu,H. Cai,R. Calabrese, L. Calefice,L. Calero Diaz, S. Cali, R. Calladine, M. Calvi,M. Calvo Gomez,P. Camargo Magalhaes,A. Camboni,P. Campana,A. F. Campoverde Quezada,S. Capelli, L. Capriotti,A. Carbone,G. Carboni, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, I. Carli,P. Carniti, L. Carus,K. Carvalho Akiba,A. Casais Vidal,G. Casse,M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, S. Celani, J. Cerasoli, A. J. Chadwick,M. G. Chapman,M. Charles,Ph. Charpentier,G. Chatzikonstantinidis,C. A. Chavez Barajas, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen,S. Chen,A. Chernov,V. Chobanova, S. Cholak, M. Chrzaszcz, A. Chubykin, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone,M. F. Cicala,X. Cid Vidal, G. Ciezarek, P. E. L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H. V. Cliff, J. Closier,J. L. Cobbledick,V. Coco,J. A. B. Coelho,J. Cogan, E. Cogneras,L. Cojocariu,P. Collins, T. Colombo,L. Congedo,A. Contu,N. Cooke,G. Coombs,G. Corti,C. M. Costa Sobral, B. Couturier,D. C. Craik,J. Crkovská,M. Cruz Torres,R. Currie,C. L. Da Silva,E. Dall'Occo, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, A. Danilina, P. d'Argent,A. Davis,O. De Aguiar Francisco,K. De Bruyn,S. De Capua,M. De Cian,J. M. De Miranda,L. De Paula,M. De Serio,D. De Simone,P. De Simone,J. A. de Vries,C. T. Dean, D. Decamp,L. Del Buono,B. Delaney,H. -P. Dembinski, A. Dendek, V. Denysenko,D. Derkach,O. Deschamps, F. Desse, F. Dettori,B. Dey,P. Di Nezza,S. Didenko,L. Dieste Maronas,H. Dijkstra,V. Dobishuk, A. M. Donohoe, F. Dordei,A. C. dos Reis, L. Douglas, A. Dovbnya, A. G. Downes, K. Dreimanis, M. W. Dudek,L. Dufour,V. Duk, P. Durante,J. M. Durham,D. Dutta, A. Dziurda, A. Dzyuba, S. Easo,U. Egede,V. Egorychev,S. Eidelman,S. Eisenhardt,S. Ek-In, L. Eklund,S. Ely, A. Ene, E. Epple,S. Escher, J. Eschle,S. Esen,T. Evans, A. Falabella, J. Fan,Y. Fan,B. Fang, S. Farry,D. Fazzini, M. Féo,A. Fernandez Prieto, A. D. Fernez,F. Ferrari,L. Ferreira Lopes,F. Ferreira Rodrigues,S. Ferreres Sole, M. Ferrillo, M. Ferro-Luzzi,S. Filippov,R. A. Fini,M. Fiorini,M. Firlej, K. M. Fischer, D. S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick,T. Fiutowski,F. Fleuret,M. Fontana, F. Fontanelli, R. Forty,V. Franco Lima,M. Franco Sevilla,M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei,D. A. Friday,J. Fu, Q. Fuehring, W. Funk,E. Gabriel,T. Gaintseva,A. Gallas Torreira,D. Galli,S. Gambetta,Y. Gan,M. Gandelman,P. Gandini,Y. Gao, M. Garau,L. M. Garcia Martin,P. Garcia Moreno,J. García Pardiñas,B. Garcia Plana,F. A. Garcia Rosales, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, R. E. Geertsema, D. Gerick, L. L. Gerken,E. Gersabeck,M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon,D. Gerstel,Ph. Ghez,V. Gibson, H. K. Giemza,M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù,P. Gironella Gironell, L. Giubega, C. Giugliano,K. Gizdov,E. L. Gkougkousis,V. V. Gligorov,C. Göbel,E. Golobardes, D. Golubkov,A. Golutvin,A. Gomes,S. Gomez Fernandez,F. Goncalves Abrantes,M. Goncerz,G. Gong, P. Gorbounov, I. V. Gorelov,C. Gotti,E. Govorkova,J. P. Grabowski, T. Grammatico,L. A. Granado Cardoso,E. Graugés,E. Graverini, G. Graziani, A. Grecu, L. M. Greeven,P. Griffith, L. Grillo,S. Gromov,B. R. Gruberg Cazon,C. Gu, M. Guarise, P. A. Günther, E. Gushchin,A. Guth, Y. Guz, T. Gys,T. Hadavizadeh, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, J. Haimberger, T. Halewood-leagas, P. M. Hamilton,Q. Han,X. Han,T. H. Hancock, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Harnew,T. Harrison,C. Hasse, M. Hatch, J. He,M. Hecker, K. Heijhoff,K. Heinicke,A. M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy,L. Henry,J. Heuel, A. Hicheur,D. Hill,M. Hilton, S. E. Hollitt,J. Hu,W. Hu,W. Huang,X. Huang,W. Hulsbergen, R. J. Hunter,M. Hushchyn, D. Hutchcroft,D. Hynds,P. Ibis, M. Idzik, D. Ilin,P. Ilten, A. Inglessi, A. Ishteev,K. Ivshin, R. Jacobsson,S. Jakobsen, E. Jans,B. K. Jashal,A. Jawahery,V. Jevtic,F. Jiang,M. John,D. Johnson,C. R. Jones,T. P. Jones,B. Jost,N. Jurik,S. Kandybei,Y. Kang, M. Karacson, M. Karpov, F. Keizer,M. Kenzie,T. Ketel, B. Khanji, A. Kharisova,S. Kholodenko,T. Kirn,V. S. Kirsebom,O. Kitouni,S. Klaver,K. Klimaszewski,S. Koliiev,A. Kondybayeva, A. Konoplyannikov,P. Kopciewicz,R. Kopecna,P. Koppenburg,M. Korolev,I. Kostiuk,O. Kot,S. Kotriakhova,P. Kravchenko, L. Kravchuk,R. D. Krawczyk, M. Kreps, F. Kress, S. Kretzschmar, P. Krokovny,W. Krupa,W. Krzemien,W. Kucewicz, M. Kucharczyk,V. Kudryavtsev,H. S. Kuindersma,G. J. Kunde, T. Kvaratskheliya, D. Lacarrere, G. Lafferty,A. Lai, A. Lampis, D. Lancierini, J. J. Lane,R. Lane, G. Lanfranchi, C. Langenbruch,J. Langer,O. Lantwin,T. Latham, F. Lazzari,R. Le Gac,S. H. Lee,R. Lefèvre, A. Leflat,S. Legotin,O. Leroy,T. Lesiak, B. Leverington,H. Li,L. Li,P. Li,S. Li,Y. Li,Z. Li,X. Liang,T. Lin,R. Lindner,V. Lisovskyi, R. Litvinov,G. Liu,H. Liu,S. Liu,X. Liu,A. Loi,J. Lomba Castro, I. Longstaff,J. H. Lopes, G. H. Lovell,Y. Lu,D. Lucchesi,S. Luchuk,M. Lucio Martinez,V. Lukashenko,Y. Luo, A. Lupato, E. Luppi,O. Lupton, A. Lusiani,X. Lyu,L. Ma,R. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert,F. Maciuc,V. Macko,P. Mackowiak,S. Maddrell-Mander, O. Madejczyk,L. R. Madhan Mohan, O. Maev, A. Maevskiy,D. Maisuzenko,M. W. Majewski, J. J. Malczewski,S. Malde, B. Malecki, A. Malinin, T. Maltsev,H. Malygina, G. Manca, G. Mancinelli, D. Manuzzi,D. Marangotto, J. Maratas,J. F. Marchand, U. Marconi,S. Mariani,C. Marin Benito,M. Marinangeli,J. Marks, A. M. Marshall,P. J. Marshall, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli,M. Martinelli,D. Martinez Santos,F. Martinez Vidal, A. Massafferri, M. Materok, R. Matev, A. Mathad, Z. Mathe, V. Matiunin, C. Matteuzzi,K. R. Mattioli,A. Mauri,E. Maurice,J. Mauricio,M. Mazurek, M. McCann, L. Mcconnell, T. H. Mcgrath, A. McNab,R. McNulty,J. V. Mead, B. Meadows, C. Meaux,G. Meier, N. Meinert,D. Melnychuk,S. Meloni, M. Merk, A. Merli,L. Meyer Garcia,M. Mikhasenko,D. A. Milanes,E. Millard,M. Milovanovic,M. -N. Minard, A. Minotti, L. Minzoni, S. E. Mitchell,B. Mitreska,D. S. Mitzel, A. Mödden, R. A. Mohammed,R. D. Moise,T. Mombächer,I. A. Monroy,S. Monteil, M. Morandin,G. Morello,M. J. Morello, J. Moron, A. B. Morris, A. G. Morris, R. Mountain,H. Mu,F. Muheim,M. Mulder,D. Müller,K. Müller, C. H. Murphy,D. Murray, P. Muzzetto,P. Naik,T. Nakada,R. Nandakumar,T. Nanut, I. Nasteva,M. Needham,I. Neri,N. Neri, S. Neubert,N. Neufeld,R. Newcombe,T. D. Nguyen,C. Nguyen-Mau,E. M. Niel,S. Nieswand, N. Nikitin,N. S. Nolte,C. Nunez, A. Oblakowska-Mucha,V. Obraztsov,D. P. O'Hanlon, R. Oldeman, M. E. Olivares,C. J. G. Onderwater,A. Ossowska,J. M. Otalora Goicochea,T. Ovsiannikova,P. Owen, A. Oyanguren, B. Pagare,P. R. Pais,T. Pajero,A. Palano, M. Palutan,Y. Pan,G. Panshin, A. Papanestis,M. Pappagallo, L. L. Pappalardo,C. Pappenheimer,W. Parker,C. Parkes,C. J. Parkinson, B. Passalacqua, G. Passaleva,A. Pastore,M. Patel,C. Patrignani, C. J. Pawley,A. Pearce,A. Pellegrino,M. Pepe Altarelli,S. Perazzini,D. 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Weber, D. Websdale,C. Weisser, B. D. C. Westhenry, D. J. White,M. Whitehead, D. Wiedner,G. Wilkinson,M. Wilkinson,I. Williams,M. Williams,M. R. J. Williams, F. F. Wilson,W. Wislicki,M. Witek, L. Witola, G. Wormser,S. A. Wotton,H. Wu, K. Wyllie,Z. Xiang, D. Xiao, Y. Xie,A. Xu,J. Xu, L. Xu,M. Xu,Q. Xu,Z. Xu,D. Yang,S. Yang,Y. Yang,Z. Yang,Y. Yao,L. E. Yeomans, H. Yin,J. Yu,X. Yuan, O. Yushchenko,E. Zaffaroni, M. Zavertyaev, M. Zdybal, O. Zenaiev,M. Zeng,D. Zhang,L. Zhang,S. Zhang,Y. Zhang, A. Zhelezov, Y. Zheng,X. Zhou,Y. Zhou, X. Zhu,Z. Zhu,V. Zhukov,J. B. Zonneveld,Q. Zou,S. Zucchelli, D. Zuliani, G. Zunica
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION（2022）
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摘要
The centrality of heavy-ion collisions is directly related to the created medium in these interactions. A procedure to determine the centrality of collisions with the LHCb detector is implemented for lead-lead collisions root s(NN) = 5 TeV and lead-neon fixed-target collisions at root s(NN) = 69 GeV. The energy deposits in the electromagnetic calorimeter are used to determine and define the centrality classes. The correspondence between the number of participants and the centrality for the lead-lead collisions is in good agreement with the correspondence found in other experiments, and the centrality measurements for the lead-neon collisions presented here are performed for the first time in fixed-target collisions at the LHC.
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Pattern recognition, cluster finding, calibration and fitting methods, Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors, Simulation methods and programs
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