Convolutional neural networks with radio-frequency spintronic nano-devices.

Convolutional neural networks are state-of-the-art and ubiquitous in modern signal processing and machine vision. Nowadays, hardware solutions based on emerging nanodevices are designed to reduce the power consumption of these networks. Spintronics devices are promising for information processing because of the various neural and synaptic functionalities they offer. However, due to their low OFF/ON ratio, performing all the multiplications required for convolutions in a single step with a crossbar array of spintronic memories would cause sneak-path currents. Here we present an architecture where synaptic communications have a frequency selectivity that prevents crosstalk caused by sneak-path currents. We first demonstrate how a chain of spintronic resonators can function as synapses and make convolutions by sequentially rectifying radio-frequency signals encoding consecutive sets of inputs. We show that a parallel implementation is possible with multiple chains of spintronic resonators to avoid storing intermediate computational steps in memory. We propose two different spatial arrangements for these chains. For each of them, we explain how to tune many artificial synapses simultaneously, exploiting the synaptic weight sharing specific to convolutions. We show how information can be transmitted between convolutional layers by using spintronic oscillators as artificial microwave neurons. Finally, we simulate a network of these radio-frequency resonators and spintronic oscillators to solve the MNIST handwritten digits dataset, and obtain results comparable to software convolutional neural networks. Since it can run convolutional neural networks fully in parallel in a single step with nano devices, the architecture proposed in this paper is promising for embedded applications requiring machine vision, such as autonomous driving.