Pathway centered analysis to guide clinical decision-making in precision medicine

Changes in the human proteome caused by disease before, during and after medical care is phenotype-dependent, so the proteome of each individual at any time point is a snapshot of the body’s response to disease and to disease treatment. Here, we introduce a new concept named differential Personal Pathway index (dPPi). This tool extracts and summates comprehensive disease-specific information contained within an individual’s proteome as a holistic way to follow the response to disease and medical care over time. We demonstrate the principle of the dPPi algorithm on proteins found in urine from patients suffering from neoplasia of the bladder. The relevance of the dPPi results to the individual clinical cases is described. The dPPi concept can be extended to other malignant and non-malignant diseases, and to other types of biopsies, such as plasma, serum or saliva. We envision the dPPi as a tool for clinical decision-making in precision medicine. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.