Reduced-Order Modeling and the Physics Governing Flapping Wing Fluid-Structure Interaction

Flapping, flexible insect wings deform during flight from aerodynamic and inertial forces. This deformation is believed to enhance aerodynamic and energetic performance. However, the predictive models used to describe flapping wing fluid-structure interaction (FSI) often rely on high fidelity computational solvers such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA). Such models require lengthy solution times and may obscure the physical insights available to analytical models. In this work, we develop a reduced order model (ROM) of a wing experiencing single-degree-of-freedom flapping. The ROM is based on deformable blade element theory and the assumed mode method. We compare the ROM to a high-fidelity CFD/FEA model and a simple experiment comprised of a mechanical flapper actuating a paper wing. Across a range of flapping-to-natural frequency ratios relevant to flying insects, the ROM predicts wingtip deflection five orders of magnitude faster than the CFD/FEA model. Both models are resolved to predict wingtip deflection within 30% of experimentally measured values. The ROM is then used to identify how the physical forces acting on the wing scale relative to one another. We show that, in addition to inertial and aerodynamic forces, added mass and aerodynamic damping influence wing deformation nontrivially. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.