The Value Of Long-Term Studies In Behavioural Ecology.

Long-term studies are those studies with a longer duration than usual in its topic. They have been essential in ecology to understand the ecological processes that happen in long temporal scales, to determine how general is a pattern emerging from a punctual finding, and to connect cause and effect in biological processes happening with some time lag. Most of ecologists agree about the scientific relevance of long-term studies, but they seldom carry out them (0.3% of published studies). The main handicap is to keep continuous funding during a long time because funding and evaluation system of science is based on short periods. However, there are opportunities to develop long-term studies with available data yet, such as monitoring programs of protected areas or threatened species, museum collections, hunting bags, fisheries or citizen sciences projects; although we will need to keep in mind that those data were not gathered with a long-term aim and this fact may constrain soundness of our conclusions. In spite of the fact that behavioral ecology is a young discipline in Spain, there are already some notable examples of long-term studies. For instance, it has been demonstrated that birds and insects are changing their life cycles in response to climate change and these changes can be leading to phenological mismatchings with the trophic levels in which they rely on. Marking and monitoring of the same individuals along years in the host-parasite system of magpies and cuckoos demonstrated that magpies learn to protect themselves against parasites, while have an inflexible reproductive phenology unable to adapt to environmental variation. Individual-based monitoring of black kites showed the effect of senescence and learning in migratory behavior, breeding territory acquisition, and fitness changes along the life of these birds. Similar results were found for other long-lived birds such as white storks, gulls or storm petrels. Individual marking has allowed building complete pedigrees in bird populations using nest boxes for breeding. Such pedigrees have been essential to understand heritability of several coloration traits of plumage directly linked to the phenotypic individual quality.