A Robust Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Detection of Non-Technical Losses to Secure Smart Grids

For dealing with the electricity theft detection in the smart grids, this article introduces a hybrid deep learning model. The model tackles various issues such as class imbalance problem, curse of dimensionality and low theft detection rate of the existing models. The model integrates the benefits of both GoogLeNet and gated recurrent unit (GRU). The one dimensional electricity consumption (EC) data is fed into GRU to remember the periodic patterns of electricity consumption. Whereas, GoogLeNet model is leveraged to extract the latent features from the two dimensional weekly stacked EC data. Furthermore, the time least square generative adversarial network (TLSGAN) is proposed to solve the class imbalance problem. The TLSGAN uses unsupervised and supervised loss functions to generate fake theft samples, which have high resemblance with real world theft samples. The standard generative adversarial network only updates the weights of those points that are available at the wrong side of the decision boundary. Whereas, TLSGAN even modifies the weights of those points that are available at the correct side of decision boundary that prevent the model from vanishing gradient problem. Moreover, dropout and batch normalization layers are utilized to enhance model's convergence speed and generalization ability. The proposed model is compared with different state-of-the-art classifiers including multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machine, naive bayes, logistic regression, MLP-long short term memory network and wide and deep convolutional neural network. It outperforms all classifiers by achieving 96% and 97% precision-recall area under the curve and receiver operating characteristics area under the curve, respectively.