Integral Measures Of The Zero Pressure Gradient Boundary Layer Over The Reynolds Number Range 0 <= R-Tau < Infinity

A recently developed mixing length model of the turbulent shearing stress has been shown to generate a universal velocity profile that provides an accurate approximation to incompressible pipe flow velocity profiles over a wide Reynolds number range [B. J. Cantwell, "A universal velocity profile for smooth wall pipe flow," J. Fluid Mech. 878, 834-874 (2019)]. More recently, the same profile was shown to accurately approximate velocity profiles in channel flow, the zero pressure gradient boundary layer, and the boundary layer in an adverse pressure gradient [M. A. Subrahmanyam, B. J. Cantwell, and J. J. Alonso, "A universal velocity profile for turbulent wall flows," AIAA Paper No. 2021-0061, 2021 and M. A. Subrahmanyam, B. J. Cantwell, and J. J. Alonso, "A universal velocity profile for turbulent wall flows including adverse pressure gradient boundary layers," J. Fluid Mech. (unpublished) (2021)] The universal velocity profile is uniformly valid from the wall to the free stream at all Reynolds numbers from zero to infinity. At a low Reynolds number, the profile approaches the laminar channel/pipe flow limit. The primary measure of the Reynolds number used in this work is the friction Reynolds number R-tau = u(tau)delta/nu. It is a little unusual to use R-tau for the boundary layer since it requires that the velocity profile be cutoff using an arbitrarily defined overall boundary layer thickness, delta. Because of the slow approach of the velocity to the free stream, different conventions used to define the thickness lead to different values of R-tau assigned to a given flow. It will be shown in this paper that, through its connection to channel/pipe flow, the universal velocity profile can be used to define a practically useful, unambiguous, measure of overall boundary layer thickness, called here the equivalent channel half height, delta h. For R-tau >approximate to 5000, the universal velocity profile defines a Reynolds number independent shape function that can be used to generate explicit expressions for the infinite Reynolds number behavior of all the usual integral boundary layer measures; displacement thickness, momentum thickness, energy thickness, overall boundary layer thickness, and skin friction. The friction coefficient C-f (R-delta 2) generated by the universal velocity profile accurately approximates data over a wide range of momentum thickness Reynolds numbers collected by Nagib et al. ["Can we ever rely on results from wall-bounded turbulent flows without direct measurements of wall shear stress?," AIAA Paper No. 2004-2392, 2004]. The universal velocity profile is used to integrate the von Karman boundary layer integral equation [T. von Karman, "Uber laminaire und turbulente reibung," Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 1, 233-252 (1921)] in order to generate the various thicknesses and friction velocity as functions of the spatial Reynolds number, R-x = u(e)x/nu. (C) 2021 Author(s).