Longitudinal Prospective Evaluation of Quality of Life After Axillary Lymph Node Dissection

Background Patients often fear axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) because of its associated complications; however, its effect on quality of life (QOL) is not well described. We aimed to evaluate the effect of ALND on QOL over time and to identify predictors of worse QOL. Patients and Methods Breast cancer patients undergoing ALND were enrolled in a prospective lymphedema screening study. Arm volumes were measured and QOL questionnaires completed at baseline, postoperatively, and at 6-month intervals. The upper limb lymphedema-27 questionnaire was used to assess the effect of upper extremity symptoms on QOL in three domains (physical, psychological, and social). Predictors of QOL were identified by univariate and multivariable regression analyses. Results From November 2016 through March 2020, 304 ALND patients were enrolled; 242 patients with at least two measurements and 6 months of follow-up were included. Median age was 48 years, and median follow-up was 1.2 years. The 18-month lymphedema rate was 18%. Overall, QOL scores in all three domains decreased postoperatively and improved over time. On multivariable analysis, after adjusting for baseline scores, symptoms necessitating lymphedema therapy referral ( p = 0.006) were associated with worse physical QOL. Younger age ( p = 0.005) and lymphedema therapy referral ( p = 0.006) were associated with worse psychological QOL. Arm volume was not correlated with QOL. Conclusions QOL scores initially decreased after ALND but improved by 6 months post-surgery. Decreases in QOL were independent of arm volume. Patients with worse QOL more often sought lymphedema therapy, although the effect of therapy on QOL remains unknown.