Sources, Composition, And Mixing State Of Submicron Particulates Over The Central Indo-Gangetic Plain

Submicron particulates, collected between 2015 and 2018 in an urban environment over the central Indo-Gangetic Plain, South Asia, were analyzed. Particulate concentration was typically high during winter (DJF, 115 50 tig m-3) and post -monsoon seasons (ON, 79 52 pg m-3). Submicron particulates constituted a major fraction (69%) of fine particulates (PM).,) without much seasonal discrepancies. Particulates were metal-enriched (17 6%) with signature of crustal and road dust resuspensions. Metal enrichment was evident specifically for Zn, Co, and Cr. Sulfate was the most robust ion contributing 10% ( 4%) of particulate mass followed by nitrate (6 3%) and ammonium (4 2%). Overall, water-soluble ions accounted for one-third of particulate mass mainly comprised secondary ones. The n-alkane homologues (C17 C35) showed prevalence of lowmolecular-weight (LMW) alkanes (更多