Wheat yield progress and stability during the last five decades in Argentina

Schematic representation of breeding effects on grain yield determination for all cultivar (ALL), late (LC) and early (EC) cycle cultivars release in the last five decades in Argentina. CGRSE: crop growth rate during stem elongation phase, DSE: duration of stem elongation phase, SDWA: spike dry weight at anthesis; FE: fruiting efficiency; SN: spikes per m2; GNS: grain number per spike. Number of black arrows refers to significance level (all P ≤ 0.05) for data on a percent basis in Table 5, and their direction to the sense of the relationship with breeding effect (upward: positive; downward: negative). The grey arrow corresponds 0.05 > P < 0.10