Calibration of the SPEAR pesticides bioindicator for cost-effective pesticide monitoring in East African streams

Background Pesticides are washed from agricultural fields into adjacent streams, where even short-term exposure causes long-term ecological damage. Detecting pesticide pollution in streams thus requires the expensive monitoring of peak concentrations during run-off events. Alternatively, exposure and ecological effects can be assessed using the SPEAR pesticides bioindicator that quantifies pesticide-related changes in the macroinvertebrate community composition. SPEAR pesticides has been developed in Central Europe and validated in other parts of Europe, Australia and South America; here we investigated its performance in East African streams. Results With minimal adaptations of the SPEAR pesticdes index, we successfully characterized pesticide pollution in 13 streams located in Western Kenya. The East African SPEAR pesticides index correlated well with the overall toxicity of 30 pesticides (maximum toxic unit = maximum environmental vs. median lethal concentration) measured in stream water ( R 2 = 0.53). Similarly, the SPEAR pesticides index correlated with the risk of surface run-off from agricultural fields (as identified based on ground slope in the catchment area and the width of protective riparian strips, R 2 = 0.45). Unlike other bioindicators designed to indicate general water pollution, SPEAR pesticides was independent of organic pollution and highly specific to pesticides. In 23% of the streams, pesticides exceeded concentrations considered environmentally safe based on European first tiered risk assessment. Conclusions Increasing contamination was associated with considerable changes in the macroinvertebrate community composition. We conclude that pesticides need to be better regulated also in developing countries. SPEAR pesticides provides a straightforward and cost-efficient tool for the required monitoring of pesticide exposure in small to medium streams.