Geographic variation in larval cold tolerance and exposure across the invasion front of a widely established forest insect

As the global climate changes, high and low temperature extremes can drive changes in species distributions. Across the range of a species, thermal tolerance can experience plasticity and may undergo selection, shaping resilience to temperature stress. In this study, we measured variation in the lower thermal tolerance of early instar larvae of an invasive forest insect, Lymantria dispar dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), using populations sourced from the climatically diverse invasion of the Eastern United States. In two chill coma recovery experiments, we recorded recovery time following a period of exposure to a non-lethal cold temperature. A third experiment quantified growth responses after chill coma recovery to evaluate sublethal effects. Our results indicate that cold tolerance is linked to regional climate, with individuals from cold climate populations recovering faster from chill coma. While this geographic gradient is seen in many species, detecting this pattern is notable for an introduced species founded from a single point-source introduction. We demonstrate that the cold temperatures used in our experiments occur in nature from cold snaps after spring hatching, but negative impacts to growth and survival appear low. We expect that population differences in cold temperature performance manifest more from differences in temperature-dependent growth than acute exposure. Evaluating intraspecific variation in cold tolerance increases our understanding of the role of climatic gradients on the physiology of an invasive species, and contributes to tools for predicting further expansion. Summary Statement Chill coma recovery experiments demonstrate geographic variation in cold temperature tolerance for a widespread invasive species, and the risk of early season exposure differs across the invasion front. ### Competing Interest Statement The corresponding author has received funding from the USDA and the Slow-the-Spread Foundation.