Enhanced stratospheric intrusion at Lulin Mountain, Taiwan inferred from beryllium-7 activity

Beryllium-7 (Be-7), produced by the interaction of cosmic radiation with atoms and molecules primarily in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, provides a useful tracer of cross-tropopause transport and vertical mixing in the troposphere. In the western Pacific subtropical region, the interaction of the subtropical jet stream with monsoon systems potentially enhances the transport. Here, we report one year of Be-7 measurements at daily resolution during 2010, at Mt. Lulin (2862 m above mean sea level; NOAA code: LLN), along with other gaseous compounds such as O-3 and CO and meteorological information, to assess processes that affect the variability of Be-7. The Be-7 concentrations are of the order 1 mBq/m(3) or less. The Be-7 activity is generally low during summer, largely due to precipitation and unfavorable conditions of atmospheric dynamics (i.e., prevalence of upward motion), but it is occasionally high because of the influence of typhoons. In winter and spring, stratospheric effects observed at the surface were frequent and significant, thereby directly affecting the strength of stratospheric effects on the troposphere, such as the tropospheric oxidation capacity. The effects of the stratospheric intrusions are seen by negative and positive correlations of Be-7 with relative humidity and concentration of O-3, respectively. The stratospheric effect is further supported by the presence of downwelling transport in this region in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts-Atmospheric Composition Reanalysis Version 4 CO, O-3, and relative humidity data.