J. E. Nichols and D. M. Peteet reply

1Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA. 2NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA. ✉e-mail: jnichols@ldeo.columbia.edu The quantification of northern peatland carbon stocks is vital to our understanding of the global carbon cycle, and we welcome the opportunity to respond to the comments submitted in the preceding Matters Arising1,2. In response to Yu et al.1, we provide additional clarification of how data from the Neotoma Paleoecological Database (NPD) are stored and used. We also repeated our quantification of northern peat carbon stocks using only radiocarbon data vetted by other publications. However, our conclusions are unchanged by the elimination of the additional data. We respond to Ratcliffe et al.2 by addressing the conflict between the ‘time-history’ and ‘inventory’ methods. We calculated northern peatland carbon stocks by the inventory method using our dataset and carefully quantify the uncertainties. We find that while the mean values for carbon stock differ by twofold, the uncertainties around those means are larger than previously acknowledged and are overlapping. This result emphasizes the need for continued work by the carbon cycle science community to understand and quantify uncertainty in terrestrial carbon stock estimates.