An Analysis of an Inventory of Community Resilience Frameworks

While resilience is a concept that has many definitions [1-8], the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and other federal agencies have adopted the definition of resilience as proposed in the 2013 Presidential Policy Directive 21 which states that resilience is "the ability to prepare for anticipated hazards, adapt to changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions" [8]. However, a missing accompanying element to this definition is the way in which resilience is to be measured. In response, there is a growing field of research focused on community-level resilience; academic, governmental, and private sector researchers have developed and examined approaches to measure the concept both quantitatively and qualitatively. As a result, frameworks have been developed to connect concepts of resilience to measurable indicators and/or measures to operationalize the concept of resilience. They have emerged both as a