The measurement of proprioceptive accuracy. A systematic literature review

Proprioceptive accuracy refers to the individual’s ability to perceive proprioceptive information, i.e., the information referring to the actual state of the locomotor system, that originates from mechanoreceptors located in various parts of the locomotor system and from tactile receptors of the skin. Proprioceptive accuracy appears an important aspect in the evaluation of sensorimotor functioning; however, no widely accepted standard assessment exists. In this systematic review, our goal was to identify and categorize different methods that are used to assess different aspects of proprioceptive accuracy. A literature search was conducted in five different databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect and SpringerLink). Overall, 1139 articles reporting 1346 methods were included in this review. The methods measure eight different aspects of proprioception, i.e., the perception of joint position, movement, trajectory, velocity and the sense of force, muscle tension, weight and size. They apply various paradigms of psychophysics (i.e. the method of adjustment, constant stimuli and limits). The appropriate measurement method should be chosen based on theoretical considerations or ecological validity.