The effect of blood viscosity on shear-induced hemolysis using a magnetically levitated shearing device

Introduction Blood contacting medical devices, including rotary blood pumps, can cause shear-induced blood damage that may lead to adverse effects in patients. Due in part to an inadequate understanding of how cell-scale fluid mechanics impact red blood cell membrane deformation and damage, there is currently not a uniformly accepted engineering model for predicting blood damage caused by complex flow fields within ventricular assist devices (VADs). Methods We empirically investigated hemolysis in a magnetically levitated axial Couette flow device typical of a rotary VAD. The device is able to accurately control the shear rate and exposure time experienced by blood and to minimize the effects of other uncharacterized stresses. Using this device, we explored the effects of both hematocrit and plasma viscosity on shear-induced hemolysis to characterize blood damage based on the viscosity-independent shear rate, rather than on shear stress. Results Over a shear rate range of 20 000 - 80 000 1/s, the Index of Hemolysis (IH) was found to be dependent upon and well-predicted by the shear rate alone. IH was independent of hematocrit, bulk viscosity, or the suspension media viscosity and less correlated to shear stress (MSE = 0.46-0.75) than to shear rate (MSE = 0.06-0.09). Conclusion This study recommends that future investigations of shear-induced blood damage report findings with respect to the viscosity-neutral term of shear rate, in addition to the bulk whole blood viscosity measured at an appropriate shear rate relevant to the flow conditions of the device.