Technological advances in preclinical meta-research.

Metaresearch is a scientific field involving the study of research itself. It has been applied to clinical trials since the 1980s,1 but has only become an emerging discipline over the last decade in the preclinical field. The primary tool of metaresearch is the systematic review, which uses predefined methods to provide a transparent and comprehensive summary of the evidence relating to a research question. A systematic review is defined as ‘a review that uses explicit, systematic methods to collate and synthesize findings of studies that address a clearly formulated question’.2 Systematic reviews allow for evaluation of methods and comprehensiveness of reporting, to assay likelihood of reproducibility and potential for translatability to subsequent domains of research and can investigate the impact of incentives on primary research. This, in turn, allows for a more rigorous understanding of what makes research reliable, and how research can be improved,3 while driving evidence-based decisions for future research.4 5 Systematic reviews typically comprise several steps. Before beginning a systematic review, it is recommended that the author team develop a protocol, which defines the research question and the methods that will be used to conduct, analyse and report the findings of the review. The research question determines the resources required to complete the review, the broader the question and the larger the field the more resource intensive a review will be. The search strategy is developed to identify as much potentially relevant literature as possible, often involving searching of multiple databases. Following database searches, deduplication (if searching multiple database with overlapping coverage), the unique search results are screened for inclusion or exclusion. Full-text retrieval may be conducted before or after title and abstract citation screening. Metadata including information regarding reported study quality and design, and outcome data are then extracted from the included …