Airborne Bacterial Community Associated with Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) under Different Air Quality Indices in Temuco City, Southern Chile

Temuco (Chile) is one of the most polluted cities in Chile and Latin America. Although the fine fraction of particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) has been extensively studied and monitored due to its negative impact on public health, its microbiological components remain unknown. We explored, the airborne bacterial community in PM 2.5 under good, moderate, alert, pre-emergency and emergency indices of air quality (AQIs) established by the Chilean government. Bacterial community relationship with environmental factors (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , carbon monoxide, among others), was also evaluated. Significant differences in PM 2.5 bacterial community composition associated with AQIs were revealed, using 16S rRNA target sequences of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) bands. Bacterial communities in PM 2.5 were mainly clustered (80%) into emergency and pre-emergency samples. The dominant phylum was Proteobacteria and most abundant genus was Novosphingobium , traditionally related to opportunistic respiratory diseases. The main factors associated with community structure were PM 2.5 , PM 10 and carbon monoxide concentrations. This study exposed that bacterial community composition in Temuco varies according to AQIs, with the occurrence of potential opportunistic bacteria on heavily polluted days.