ADRD and COVID-19: A multi-scale framework for elucidating and addressing mechanisms and outcomes.

In recent years the global ADRD research field has strongly shifted to a conceptual framework that recognizes the essential role of interactions between levels of biosocial organization. The COVID-19 pandemic has also revealed the crucial biopsychosocial connections of disease vulnerability, resistance and management. AOPs are powerful tools in clarifying key linkages in these multifactorial diseases. However, AOPs have also showed their limitation by biasing molecular events as the prime initiating events. Our hybrid approach integrates multiscale elements to more effectively develop a mechanistic framework and identify pathways to health. Taken together, this new approach can help bridge the divide across bio-molecular events and higher level factors such as health disparities in COVID and the ADRD spectrum.