Gene Expression Profiling of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-3 Treatment in 2D/3D Human Hepatocyte Models Reveals CYP3A4 Induction but Minor Changes in Other Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Genes

Scope CYP3A4 is the most important drug-metabolizing enzyme regulated via the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the intestine. However, less is known about VDR in the regulation of CYP3A4 and other drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. Methods and Results This study investigates whether 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-3) regulates major cytochrome P450 enzymes, selected phase I and II enzymes, and transporters involved in xenobiotic and steroidal endobiotic metabolism in 2D and 3D cultures of human hepatocytes. The authors found that 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-3 increases hepatic CYP3A4 expression and midazolam 1 '-hydroxylation activity in 2D hepatocytes. The results are confirmed in 3D spheroids, where 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-3 has comparable effect on CYP3A4 mRNA expression as 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D-3, an active vitamin D metabolite. Other regulated genes such as CYP1A2, AKR1C4, SLC10A1, and SLCO4A1 display only mild changes in mRNA levels after 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-3 treatment in 2D hepatocytes. Expression of other cytochrome P450, phase I and phase II enzyme, or transporter genes are not significantly influenced by 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-3. Additionally, the effect of VDR activation on CYP3A4 mRNA expression is abolished by natural dietary compound sulforaphane, a common suppressor of pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Conclusion This study proposes that VDR or vitamin D supplementation is unlikely to significantly influence liver detoxification enzymes apart from CYP3A4.