Levels and determinants of urinary cadmium in general population in Spain: Metal-MCC-Spain study

Julia Blanco Muñoz,Virginia Lope,Nerea Fernández de Larrea-Baz,José Luis Gómez-Ariza,Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos,Guillermo Fernández-Tardón,Nuria Aragonés,Pilar Amiano,Inés Gómez-Acebo,Adonina Tardón,María Grau-Pérez,Tamara García-Barrera,Manolis Kogevinas,Marina Pollán,Beatriz Pérez-Gómez

Environmental Research（2022）

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摘要

•Smoking status is the main modifiable predictor of U-Cd concentrations.•Secondhand smoke exposure could be an important source of cadmium exposure in women.•Dietary variables explain a small proportion of total variation in U-Cd levels.•Regional/seasonal differences in U-Cd levels suggest environmental factors involved.

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关键词

Urine-cadmium,Sociodemographic factors,Smoking,Diet,Biomarker,Case-control study

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