From Exception to Exceptional: How Gender and Tenure Impact Sponsor Effectiveness

The critical role that referrals play in the hiring process, particularly for candidates con-tending with negative stereotypes and biases, has been well-documented. However, how those stereotypes and biases impact sponsors, and the effectiveness of the referrals that they provide, is not well-understood. Drawing on evidence of reversals of gender bias, we explore the impact of sponsors' gender and tenure on the effectiveness of their referrals in the context of Supreme Court of the United States law clerk hiring decisions. This is an appropriate setting because success in the application process for these elite early-career positions is contingent on having a strong recommendation from a judge with which the candidate has previously worked, making it ideal to study gender differ-ences in the effectiveness of referrals. Analyses show that candidates recommended by male sponsors are more likely to be hired compared to those recommended by female sponsors overall, but this dynamic is also dependent on the sponsor's tenure and the candidate's gender. For female sponsors, higher levels of tenure are associated with better hiring outcomes for their female candidates only. None of the other gender combina-tions benefit from sponsor seniority. Possible mechanisms, limitations, and implications for future research directions are discussed.