Scaling Relations for Shock Wave Effects from the Impacts of Cosmic Objects with Diameters from a Few Meters to 3 Km

Asteroids risk models require understanding how an asteroid (or a comet) entering into the atmosphere can harm people and infrastructure. A shock wave is one of the main dangerous effects of the cosmic object impact. Serial numerical simulations of high-velocity impacts of cosmic objects from 10 m to 3 km in diameter are used to build scaling relations of shock wave properties (overpressure and wind speed) near the surface. Obtained scaling relations, which are dependent only on parameters of impactor, are used for the Tunguska and Chelyabinsk events and show satisfactory agreement with observations and numerical models. A separate class of scaling laws presents crater-forming impacts and shows much better correlation with models than previously used estimates. All scaling relations described in this paper are implemented into the web-based Calculator for fast assessment of hazardous consequences from the impact of cosmic objects on the Earth. The Calculator is available at the link: http://AsteroidHazard.pro.