High-flow nasal oxygen as first-line therapy for COVID-19-associated hypoxemic respiratory failure: a single-centre historical cohort study

Purpose The optimal noninvasive modality for oxygenation support in COVID-19-associated hypoxemic respiratory failure and its association with healthcare worker infection remain uncertain. We report here our experience using high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) as the primary support mode for patients with COVID-19 in our institution. Methods We conducted a single-centre historical cohort study of all COVID-19 patients treated with HFNO for at least two hours in our university-affiliated and intensivist-staffed intensive care unit (Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada) between 27 August 2020 and 30 April 2021. We report their clinical characteristics and outcomes. Healthcare workers in our unit cared for these patients in single negative pressure rooms wearing KN95 or fit-tested N95 masks; they underwent mandatory symptomatic screening for COVID-19 infection, as well as a period of asymptomatic screening. Results One hundred and forty-two patients were analysed, with a median [interquartile range (IQR)] age of 66 [59–73] yr; 71% were male. Patients had a median [IQR] Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score of 3 [2–3], median [IQR] oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio of 120 [94–164], and a median [IQR] 4C score (a COVID-19-specific mortality score) of 12 [10–14]. Endotracheal intubation occurred in 48/142 (34%) patients, and overall hospital mortality was 16%. Barotrauma occurred in 21/142 (15%) patients. Among 27 symptomatic and 139 asymptomatic screening tests, there were no cases of HFNO-related COVID-19 transmission to healthcare workers. Conclusion Our experience indicates that HFNO is an effective first-line therapy for hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients, and can be safely used without significant discernable infection risk to healthcare workers.