Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of HAK/KUP/KT potassium transporter provides insights into genes involved in responding to potassium deficiency and salt stress in pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)

In plants, the HAK/KUP/KT family is the largest group of potassium transporters, and it plays an important role in mineral element absorption, plant growth, environmental stress adaptation, and symbiosis. Although these important genes have been investigated in many plant species, limited information is currently available on the HAK/KUP/KT genes for Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). In the present study, a total of 20 CaHAK genes were identified from the pepper genome and the CaHAK genes were numbered 1 – 20 based on phylogenetic analysis. For the genes and their corresponding proteins, the physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationship, chromosomal distribution, gene structure, conserved motifs, gene duplication events, and expression patterns were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis divided CaHAK genes into four cluster (I–IV) based on their structural features and the topology of the phylogenetic tree. Purifying selection played a crucial role in the evolution of CaHAK genes, while whole-genome triplication contributed to the expansion of the CaHAK gene family. The expression patterns showed that CaHAK proteins exhibited functional divergence in terms of plant K + uptake and salt stress response. In particular, transcript abundance of CaHAK3 and CaHAK7 was strongly and specifically up-regulated in pepper roots under low K + or high salinity conditions, suggesting that these genes are candidates for high-affinity K + uptake transporters and may play crucial roles in the maintenance of the Na + /K + balance during salt stress in pepper. In summary, the results not only provided the important information on the characteristics and evolutionary relationships of CaHAKs, but also provided potential genes responding to potassium deficiency and salt stress.