Lymph node CXCR5(+) NK cells associate with control of chronic SHIV infection

The persistence of virally infected cells as reservoirs despite effective antiretroviral therapy is a major barrier to an HIV/SIV cure. These reservoirs are predominately contained within cells present in the B cell follicles (BCFs) of secondary lymphoid tissues, a site that is characteristically difficult for most cytolytic antiviral effector cells to penetrate. Here, we identified a population of NK cells in macaque lymph nodes that expressed BCF-homing receptor CXCR5 and accumulated within BCFs during chronic SHIV infection. These CXCR5(+) follicular NK cells exhibited an activated phenotype coupled with heightened effector functions and a unique transcriptome characterized by elevated expression of cytolytic mediators (e.g., perforin and granzymes, LAMP-1). CXCR5(+) NK cells exhibited high expression of Fc gamma RIIa and Fc gamma RIIIa, suggesting a potential for elevated antibody-dependent effector functionality. Consistently, accumulation of CXCR5(+) NK cells showed a strong inverse association with plasma viral load and the frequency of germinal center follicular Th cells that comprise a significant fraction of the viral reservoir. Moreover, CXCR5(+) NK cells showed increased expression of transcripts associated with IL-12 and IL-15 signaling compared with the CXCR5-subset. Indeed, in vitro treatment with IL-12 and IL-15 enhanced the proliferation of CXCR5(+) granzyme B+ NK cells. Our findings suggest that follicular homing NK cells might be important in immune control of chronic SHIV infection, and this may have important implications for HIV cure strategies.